Household Solar Funders Group

Webinar: Accelerating clean energy access in Africa by unlocking the catalysing potential of carbon finance
2024-06-26 14:00 - 15:00 (Europe/London) | virtual
Although 2023 saw record renewable energy deployment with the sector reaching a total capacity of 3,870 GW, growth is still unevenly distributed. Asia, particularly China, accounts for most of this expansion. In contrast, Africa, where 600 million people (43% of the population) still lack access to energy and almost a billion lack access to clean cooking, saw a mere 4.6% increase in renewable energy capacity (reaching a total capacity of 62 GW).

To achieve SDG7 by 2030, at least 90 million people will need to gain access to electricity, which means tripling the current rate of connectivity. Additionally, not only energy investment will need to double within this decade, but given climate emergency, we will need to ensure such investment goes towards clean and renewable energy.
The panel will discuss the main challenges and opportunities in designing innovative climate financial approaches to ensure that energy efficiency and renewable energy companies, particularly those in the solar sector, can access the vital investment needed to scale and grow to meet SDG7.

In particular, the panellists will examine the catalytic role that carbon markets can play in accelerating the flow of climate finance and international capital into the continent and its potential to de-risk renewable energy investments more broadly. This could open up new sustainable economic opportunities to the African continent, and on some cases even promote the development of new sectors in the continent such as the export of green hydrogen, given the abundant renewable energy resources that exist in the region.

Moderator: Susie Wheeldon, Head of Communications, GOGLA

Panellists:

Rosalie Marsden, Senior Associate, Acumen
William Brent, CMO, Husk Power Systems (Minigrids - Nigeria)
Dennis Nderitu, Energy Systems Manager, Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet
Pablo Fernandez, CEO, ecosecurities

9th Solar Expo Africa - Kenya
2024-06-26 - 2024-06-28 | KICC, Harambee Avenue Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Solar Expo – Kenya is a premier international exhibition for the solar industry attracting leading companies, experts, professionals and decision makers. The trade exhibition is a key platform for promoting the latest products, technology and equipment for the solar industry. The participants gain special access to the East African market allowing them to experience the domestic needs and tailor their products to the region.

HSFG plenary meeting
2024-06-25 15:00 - 16:30, 2024-03-21 15:00 - 16:30 (Africa/Johannesburg) | virtual
Quarterly meeting of the Household Solar Funders Group.
This is a members-only meeting.
For more information, please contact HSFG coordinator Wim Jonker Klunne (click contact in menu)

Webinar: Power to the People - A gender Just Energy Transition and why it matters
2024-06-25 09:00 - 09:30 (America/New_York) | virtual
The Shine Collab invites you to the first webinar in a series about energy justice and power.
Climate change and related economic and political crises are wreaking havoc on people and the planet. Shifting away from a fossil-fuel dependent, extractive, and broken economic model could not be more urgent. Renewed attention and action toward a just energy transition is promising, but what does “just” mean in practice?

This first webinar will draw on policy advocates, academics, energy organizers, and feminist and climate activists to discuss the meaning, politics and strategies involved in just energy transitions, exploring the promise of community-driven energy access for gender, climate and economic justice.
Featured Speakers:
Mela Chiponda, Executive Director, the Shine Collab
John Gaventa, Institute of Development Studies, Univ. of Sussex
Makoma Lekalakala, Earthlife Africa - 2018 Co-recipient of the Goldman Environmental Prize
Sheila Oparachoa, Director of the Energia International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy
Jacqueline Patterson, Founding Executive Director, the Chisolm Legacy Project
Bridget Burns, Executive Director of Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO)
Moderated by Lisa VeneKlasen, Strategic Advisor to the Shine Collab and JASS (Just Associates)

Africa Energy Forum 2024 - Barcelona
2024-06-25 - 2024-06-28 | Fira Barcelona, Av. Reina Maria Cristina, Barcelona, Spain
The 26th edition of the Africa Energy Forum will united governments, utilities and regulators with development finance institutions, commercial banks, power developers, technology providers, EPCs and professional services.

ESMAP WEBINAR Sustainable cooling in off grid rural areas
2024-06-24 11:00 - 12:30 (America/New_York) | virtual
Join us for an ESMAP webinar on a critical but under-explored topic: efficient and clean cooling in rural off-grid areas, its nexus with electricity access, and its impact on multiple sectors, including safety and comfort, agriculture, fisheries and food security, and healthcare.
Despite significant progress in off-grid electricity, with solar energy systems reaching an estimated 493 million people in 2022, approximately 306 million individuals in rural areas still facing health and productivity risks in 2023 due to lack of access to cooling that are certain to increase as global temperatures continue to rise.
This webinar will address the pressing need for massive-scale sustainable cooling and electricity solutions in these communities. Participants will gain insights into the current landscape, including projects in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, learn key concepts related to cooling needs and opportunities in rural off-grid areas across different sectors, and discuss actionable strategies to overcome barriers, implement policy tools, and expand off-grid areas.
The webinar will also provide key insights and high-level take-aways from the recently published ESMAP and SEforAll report: Accessing Sustainable Cooling in Off-Grid Rural Areas: The Nexus between Access to Energy and Clean Cooling.

Webinar: Solar Fishing Lights - a game changer for Uganda's Fishing Industry
2024-06-11 14:30 - 16:00 (Africa/Kampala) | virtual
The webinar aims to share insight on how solar fishing lights can revolutionise the Small Pelagic Species (SPS) fishing industry by increasing efficiency, reducing costs, and promoting environmental sustainability.

This initiative is backed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries (MAAIF), which recently endorsed the use of solar-powered fishing lights to promote eco-friendly practices and food safety standards.

Tanzania Renewable Energy Week
2024-06-03 - 2024-06-07 | Julius Nyerere International Convention Centre (JNICC), 11101 Shaaban Robert St, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of
The Tanzania Renewable Energy Association (TAREA) is announcing the event of Renewable Energy Week (REW) for 2024 which will take place in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This event aims to provide a platform for the private and the public to explore Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) showcased during the event. The event will be implemented in parallel with the European Sustainable Energy Cluster Partnership for Africa (ESECA) Business mission on the 4th and 5th of June in Dar es Salaam. REW will consist of exhibitions and workshops where participants will discuss key sectorial issues such as opportunities, challenges, and emerging renewable energy technologies. The event will occur at the Julius Nyerere International Convention Centre (JNICC) in Dar es Salaam.
The guest of honour is expected to be the Hon. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy, Dr. Dotto Bitteko (MP) at the opening on 6th June 2024, and the Minister of Agriculture Hon. Mr. Hussein Mohammed Bashe (MP) on the closing of the 7th June 2024.
The theme for the event is ‘‘Renewable Energy for Inclusive and Green Economy’’
Invitation to the Event and Registration
Event Program
Venue Plan

Global South-South Summit 2024
2024-05-22 - 2024-05-23 | Skylight Hotel, Airport Road, Addis Ababa, 1755, Ethiopia
The Second South-South Summit, convening multi stakeholders from Africa, India and beyond, aims to foster collaboration, knowledge exchange, and technology transfer. By building a robust ecosystem that can empower marginalized communities, unlock sustainable livelihood opportunities, and build climate resilience.

Key Objectives of the Two-Day Summit:

Empowering marginalized communities
Unlocking sustainable livelihoods
Building climate resilience

ARE Energy Access Investment Forum (EAIF 2024)
2024-05-21 - 2024-05-23 | Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
EAIF is the top annual investment event for the renewable electrification sector, fostering business and investor partnerships for the purpose of sustainable electricity access, decarbonisation, economic growth and fighting against climate change.
EAIF 2024 will be co-hosted by the Delegation of the European Union to the Federal Republic of Nigeria and ECOWAS and supported by GET.invest, a European programme that mobilises investment in renewable energy, supported by the European Union, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands and Austria.
The global flagship investment event aims to bring together up to 1,000 in-person and virtual delegates, including private and public investors, industry and invited government officials.

Enlit Africa 2024
2024-05-21 - 2024-05-23 | CTICC, 1 Lower Long Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa
Enlit Africa is where the most influential energy companies come together to drive opportunity. The conference is widely regarded as the critical business event of the year. This is where the ‘who’s who’ of the sector gather to exchange new ideas and form business relationships that fuel innovation and opportunity.

End User Subsidy Lab: Productive Uses of Renewable Energy Webinar
2024-05-15 14:00 - 15:00 (Europe/Amsterdam) | virtual
GOGLA invites you to attend our upcoming webinar “End User Subsidy Lab: Productive Uses of Renewable Energy (PURE) - Webinar Series - Part 1” on 15th of May 2024.
Although PURE markets are still nascent and limited experience exists in the delivery of subsidy programs, subsidy-based programs are seen as to play a critical role in building the market and enabling companies to reach more people with a wider array of off-grid solutions, i.e., solar water pumps and solar fridges. At a time where a growing number of stakeholders are in the process of designing and conceptualizing demand-side subsidy (DSS) programs aiming to accelerate the scaling up uptake of PURE appliances, gathering lessons learnt and sharing knowledge seem a necessary step to improve the design and implementation of ongoing and future DSS programs.
The webinars will aim at stimulating the needed discussion and sharing knowledge that can play a key role in designing and implementation of smart PURE DSS programs within the context of nascent markets. While the first webinar will look at ideation and conceptual framework of current DSS programs, the second webinar will look at showcasing experiences and lessons learned for existing models.

HSFG working group local companies
2024-05-14 15:00 - 16:00 (Africa/Johannesburg) | virtual
Working group meeting of the Household Solar Funders Group.
This is a members-only meeting.
For more information, please contact HSFG coordinator Wim Jonker Klunne (click contact in menu)

Invest in African Energy 2024
2024-05-14 - 2024-05-15 | The Westin Paris – Vendôme, 4 Rue de Castiglione, Paris, 75001, France
Invest in African Energy 2024 holds great promise for both the European and African energy sectors, creating a synergy that paves the way for mutually beneficial opportunities and projects.

Invest in African Energy 2024, (IAE) is an exclusive forum designed to foster collaboration between European investors and African energy markets. With the support of the African Energy Chamber (AEC), the Forum offers delegates two days of intensive engagement with industry experts and policymakers from Europe and Africa, creating a pivotal platform to promote local content development and accelerate sustainable energy solutions.
Attendees of Invest in African Energy 2024 will benefit from a full suite of features designed to drive beneficial outcomes such as: two days of engagement sessions, a networking reception, business-to-business matchmaking sessions, investor and country spotlights, and much more. Each of these key features will provide delegates with unparalleled access to new information, experiences, and connections that will help to shape the energy markets in both Europe and Africa.
The forum is an opportunity for European and African delegates to collaborate and discover new avenues for investment, while making a tangible impact on economic diversification, regional integration, employment opportunities, and the electrification of the region.

Webinar: Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report semi-annual sales and impact data
2024-05-02 14:00 - 15:30 (Europe/Amsterdam) | virtual
GOGLA’s sales and impact data is the bedrock of information on the off-grid solar and energy efficient appliances sector. It is used to track the stand-alone off-grid solar industry’s contribution to energy access by the Sustainable Development Goal 7 custodians and feeds into key research and reports on energy access.
GOGLA, Lighting Global and Efficiency for Access invite you to attend the Global Off-Grid Solar Market Report Semi-Annual Sales and Impact Data webinar on May 2 at 14:00 CET.
The off-grid sector, like many others, has felt the crunch from a challenging year in 2023 - now it’s time to review what the numbers are saying in order to inform decision making and keep your finger on the pulse of the market.
Webinar attendees will be among the first to hear the results from the experts who analysed the data - don’t miss the opportunity.
Speakers:
Oliver Reynolds, Snr Manager Market Insights and Data @ GOGLA
Andrew Kent, Energy Access Consultant @ ESMAP
Joseph Thomas, Evaluation Manager @ Energy Saving Trust
Siena Hacker, Senior Associate @ CLASP
Moderated by:
Patricia Njeri, GOGLA Membership Engagement Manager

2024 Mozambique Mining and Energy Conference (MMEC)
2024-05-02 - 2024-05-03 | Joaquim Chissano International Conference Centre, 4441 Av. da Marginal, Maputo, Mozambique
The 10th edition of Mozambique’s premier
natural resource event, the 2024 Mozambique Mining and Energy Conference (MMEC), is set to take place from 2 to 3 May at the prestigious Joaquim Chissano International Conference Centre in Maputo.
This highly anticipated event brings together local, regional, and global leaders to discuss "Partnerships for Prosperity: Unlocking Mozambique’s Resources to Advance National & Regional Economic Growth."
Don't miss this opportunity to engage with government officials, explore industry opportunities, and forge valuable business partnerships.
With a focus on trade and investment opportunities in energy and critical minerals, MMEC 2024 is the perfect platform to drive growth and enhance bilateral trade relations.
Proudly supported by Associação Lusófona de Energias Renováveis, the event spearheads discussions on investment in the local gas economy and renewable energy. Explore how MMEC catalyses advancements in sustainability and decarbonization.
Key Topics

Opportunities for off-grid and mini-grid solutions.
Government policy improvements and incentives to attract more sector investments.
Updates on the prospects for Green Hydrogen in Mozambique and the region.
Understanding how to incorporate ESG aspects into renewable energy projects.
Regional partners and collaboration prospects to promote electricity sector investment.
Accelerating the development of electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure.
Leveraging regional development finance institutions to support capital intensive projects.
Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) and the decarbonisation of Southern African countries.
Role of PPPs in the region and Mozambique’s capital-intensive infrastructure projects

Webinar: GOGLA Investment Data 2023
2024-04-25 16:00 - 17:00 (Europe/Amsterdam) | virtual
GOGLA invites you to attend our upcoming webinar “Off grid Solar Investment Trends 2023.” Off-grid solutions impact electrification, but is the $425M that has flowed into the industry this year enough to achieve basic electricity access levels?
Were you aware that one of GOGLA’s main contributions to the Off Grid Solar sector is the work we put into collecting data on investment trends?
As 2023 was drawing to a close, we gathered all the information you need to know about where equity, debt, and grant funds have flowed. Now, we’re ready to share with you how the industry is performing.
Join our Webinar to learn about the investment landscape, financial innovations, and opportunities.

HSFG working group PUE
2024-04-25 15:00 - 16:00 (Africa/Johannesburg) | virtual

World Energy Congress
2024-04-22 - 2024-04-25 | Rotterdam Ahoy, Ahoyweg 10, Rotterdam, 3084BA, Netherlands
The World Energy Congress is the world’s longest-established energy event, having shaped the global energy agenda for a century. In today’s unpredictable, turbulent and fast-shifting world, the 26th World Energy Congress in Rotterdam will be the most important energy convening of the next decade.
The only global energy event convening 200+ C-suite speakers and 70+ Ministers, alongside 7,000+ international energy stakeholders, the Congress enables the highest levels of government-to-government dialogue and unites businesses and communities of all shapes and sizes.

World Future Energy Summit
2024-04-16 - 2024-04-18 | Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre, Al Khaleej Al Arabi St, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
The World Future Energy Summit is a global think tank, powered by global innovation, pioneering minds and ground breaking insights. Bringing together industry influencers, problem solvers and cutting-edge solutions, we’re focused on creating the blueprints for a sustainable future.
Hosted by Masdar, the Summit is regarded as the foremost event of its kind. An accelerator for the global transition to clean energy, this is where the industry comes together.
A convention of leaders, policy makers, investment incubators, corporate partners and world-class start-ups, all working towards a greener tomorrow.

The Zambia Decentralized Renewable Energy Days
2024-04-11 - 2024-04-12 | InterContinental Hotel, Haile Selassie Ave, Lusaka, Zambia
The event will be an opportunity for the GRZ to share their renewed commitment to DRE electrification with the sector, launch the Presidential 1,000 Mini-grid Initiative and the Hardest to Reach Initiative as well as highlight key commitments from international donors to the energy access space. As part of their efforts SEforALL, AMDA, GOGLA, GDC and the Solar Industry Association of Zambia (SIAZ) are inviting the energy and development sector to Lusaka to create a fora for transformative connections and partnerships, engage in key initiatives and discuss how to overcome regulatory challenges and market barriers to achieve a common goal.
What can you expect from the event?

Announcements on initiatives accelerating DRE adoption in Zambia for enhanced energy access, green job creation, and support for agriculture and business.
Investment opportunities for accelerated DRE development in Zambia, providing a chance to engage with potential investors.
Networking opportunities for building or strengthening B2B relationships with various DRE business actors.

3rd International Sustainable Energy Conference 2024
2024-04-10 - 2024-04-11 | Messecongress Graz, Messeplatz 1, Graz, Austria
After a successful ISEC 2018, last year's ISEC 2022 welcomed around 400 participants from 30 countries to exciting presentations and intensive discussions on the topic of transforming the energy system.
The focus of ISEC 2024 will be on how we can achieve energy sovereignty within a time horizon dictated by climate change and defined by politics. Global solutions such as the transformation of our economic system towards a sustainable circular economy, the complete phase-out of fossil fuels, the implementation of sector coupling and energy storage systems as well as the smart electrification of the energy supply will be the focus of the presentations and discussions.
As an impetus for forward-looking concepts, ISEC 2024 aims to inspire groundbreaking ideas for heat transformation in renewable energy systems and resource efficiency and facilitate a comprehensive exchange between research, industry, and energy policy. Through ISEC 2024's cooperation with the international organisations UNIDO, IEA, and REN21, all topics will have an additional focus on developing and emerging countries.
The conference programme consists of invited speakers from industry, science and politics as well as lectures and poster presentations by researchers from all continents.

60 Decibels webinar: Off-Grid Energy - insights from top impact award winners
2024-04-09 15:00 - 16:00 (Africa/Nairobi) | virtual
Want to get deeper into findings and insights from Why Off-Grid Energy Matters 2024? 60 Decibels is hosting a webinar with some of their Energy Top Impact Award winners!
We'll be joined by Sejal Agarwal from Oorja Development Solutions Limited (solar water pumps in India), Jamie McCloskey from SolarAid (solar lanterns in Malawi and Zambia), Laura Kiplagat from Kudura Power East Africa Ltd – (mini-grids in Kenya) and Sileshi Alemayehu from Grean world energy technologies PLC (cooking in Ethiopia).
They will be sharing their take on the organisational factors that have contributed to ranking top for impact performance in their category, moderated by 60 Decibel's Kat Harrison, with plenty of time for questions!

Productive Use of Energy Trade Fair & Exhibition
2024-03-27 - 2024-03-28 | City Hall, Monrovia, Liberia
Calling all Liberian clean energy companies! Join Power Africa for a productive use of energy trade fair and exhibition to learn about technology and opportunities for economic development.

In partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Rural and Renewable Energy Agency in Liberia, this event will showcase the latest in productive use of energy technology, innovation, and programs.
Attendees will learn about productive use of energy equipment from solar water pumps to cold storage as companies and vendors from across the country showcase their processes, machinery, and equipment.
The fair will offer an unmissable in-person opportunity with:

Live demonstrations of energy efficient technologies, smart grid solutions, and sustainable energy practices.
Informative panels unpacking the impact of productive use of energy on economic development and renewable energy financing.
Anticipated speakers from USAID, Liberian government officials, development groups, and farmers’ organizations.

GSMA webinar - Digitalising Innovative Finance: Carbon credits and results-based financing
2024-03-20 11:00 - 12:00 UTC | virtual
There is a large funding gap for essential services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The OECD estimates that $6.9 trillion a year is required up to 2030 to meet climate and SDG objectives. While there is a broad consensus among the donor community that private capital should be mobilised to help fill the funding gap, initiatives to ‘crowd-in’ private sector capital have so far fallen short of expectations.
Start-ups and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) often struggle to access the right type of financing to achieve impact at scale. This is common in sectors that face regulatory risks such as utility services, asset-heavy models (e.g. e-mobility, energy or productive use equipment) or services targeting low-income customers (e.g. clean cooking, water, sanitation and hygiene, or off-grid solar).
The GSMA Digital Utilities programme and Mondato Insights recently published a report on the role of digital technology in enabling access to innovative financing instruments to early-stage start-ups, SMEs, and service providers in LMICs.
In our two-part webinar series on the report, we are focusing on some of the financing instruments that were covered, and invite key experts and practitioners to share their perspectives.
This first webinar focusses on the role of digital technology in making access to results-based financing and carbon credits more efficient, transparent and catalytic.
We will be joined by a great group of speakers from start-ups, the private sector and enabling organisations that are directly involved in leveraging digital tools for significant results-based financing (RBF) and carbon credit programmes.
Speakers:
- Zach White, Senior Insights Manager, GSMA Digital Utilities
- Samuel Miles, Consultant, Mondato Insights & Chancellor's Fellow UC Berkeley
- George Kibala Bauer, Director, GSMA Digital Utiltiies
- Susan Smith, VP Finance Solutions - Public Sector, Odyssey
- Stefan Zelazny, Managing Director, Access to Energy Institute
- Kyle Hamilton, Senior Manager - Strategy and Partnerships, Nuru
- Ben Jeffreys, CEO, ATEC
- Daniel Kammen, James and Katherine Lau Distinguished Professor of Sustainability, University of California Berkeley

The Future Energy Show Africa
2024-03-18 00:00 - 2024-03-20 23:59 (Africa/Johannesburg) | Gallagher Convention Centre, 19 Richards Dr, Halfway House, 1685, South Africa
The Future Energy Show Africa is Africa’s largest renewable energy exhibition that celebrates the technologies at the forefront of the transition to a greener, smarter, more decentralised energy system.
Solar & Storage Live Africa, co-located with The Future Energy Show Africa is the definitive event that brings all these elements together under one roof - new technology, efficiency, new thinking, and best practice in the industry.

TEA Forum
2024-03-13 - 2024-03-14 | Marriot Kigali, KN 3 Ave, Kigali, Rwanda
On 13 March 2024 the UK Government’s FCDO will host a one-day forum in Kigali, Rwanda to bring together a wider set of stakeholders to accelerate an inclusive, clean energy transition in Africa, Asia and Indo Pacific regions. The TEA Forum will showcase tangible success stories, foster collaboration and partnerships and promote knowledge exchange at a sector and international level. Covering topics including energy storage, sustainable cooling, inclusivity, and clean energy innovation, this event will convene innovators, investors, donors, policymakers and more. The Forum will also feature an innovation marketplace for a selection of exhibitors (open application).

On 14 March 2024 Delegates are also encouraged to register for optional site visits on to get first-hand access to projects in Rwanda supported via TEA (space limited).

To confirm your attendance and receive additional updates on logistics and side-events, please complete the registration form for the TEA Forum here.

The Solar Indaba
2024-03-05 - 2024-03-07 | CTICC, 1 Lower Long Street, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa
The Solar Indaba, co-located with the renowned Africa Energy Indaba, hosts the private sector comprising commercial buyers and sellers, together under one roof, to do solar energy business deals.
The 2024 theme is ‘ Accessing the African Opportunity ’. The Solar Indaba will bring together manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, service providers, investors, developers and operators from around the world to discuss the latest trends & innovations, developments and provide the potential to meet new customers.
Expanding the Africa Energy Indaba footprint from a strong renewables base to give added impetus to the Africa solar opportunity, the Solar Indaba will benefit from the already established IPP & PPA Conference, a fixture of the Africa Energy Indaba week, attracting Independent Power Producers, Governments, Developers, African utilities, Regulators, Energy Intensive users, End users, and many more.

9th Powering Africa Summit 2024 (PAS24)
2024-03-05 - 2024-03-06 | Mayflower hotel, 1127 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20036, United States
The 9th Powering Africa Summit 2024 (PAS24) continues under the theme "Capital Flows Underpinning the Energy Transition", focusing squarely on energy project development and infrastructure and the enabling environment. Following the success of the Africa Energy Forum and the Africa Climate Summit in Nairobi, you will contribute to critical discussions on the impact of reducing debt costs, seeking alternatives to sovereign guarantees, and unlocking the climate finance promised to Africa's energy sector.
Hosted by Power Africa, in the heart of the U.S. capital and the home of the World Bank Group, PAS24 will focus on the critical financial aspects needed to develop Africa's energy sector more effectively, with conversations rooted in reducing the cost of debt and innovative solutions to the sovereign guarantee impasse.
